Blumstein & Stevens 1979, 1980 Miller 1989 Monahan & Idsardi 2010 Stevens & Blumstein 1978). There appear to exist few, if any, reliable or stable cues across different speakers and utterances to individual speech segments (cf. How this occurs remains a challenging psychological puzzle.Įarly efforts to identify systematic relationships between this variable acoustic signal and linguistic segments encountered numerous difficulties ( Liberman et al. Despite these apparent complexities, we regularly select from this rapidly transmitted code the intended word(s) from an inventory of tens of thousands of possibilities. In addition to its transient nature and rich detail, human speech is highly variable, with considerable physical variation attributable to speaker-intrinsic differences ( Peterson & Barney 1952, Potter & Steinberg 1950) and speaking rate ( Gay 1968, Miller & Volatis 1989), among other variables. In unrecorded conversation, listeners cannot revisit and reanalyze earlier portions of the signal should a misinterpretation arise. Moreover, speech is intrinsically transient. It is rich in detail and provides listeners with cues to both the “what” and “who” of the utterance. Human speech is complex, variable, and dynamic. This line of research represents a tractable linking of linguistic theory with models of perception and speech comprehension in the brain. In particular, I discuss the extent to which phonological distinctive features play a role in perception and predictive processing during speech comprehension with reference to behavioral and neurophysiological data. This review argues that our phonological system, at a relatively abstract level, is one such source of higher-order knowledge. Moreover, incorporating measures of brain activity during online speech comprehension has just begun to highlight the extent to which top-down information flow and predictive processes are integral to sensory perception. Higher-order knowledge constrains sensory perception and has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in other domains of human language processing. Only in particularly challenging situations (e.g., in noisy environments, when hearing significantly accented speech) do some of these intricacies become apparent. We often give little consideration to its complexity. Comprehending speech in our native language is an impressionistically effortless and routine task.
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